Hello, friends!

I cannot complete my 10-part internship series if I do not include the “networking” aspect of it.

The internship period is assumed to be a period where you go as a baby to be spoon-fed and caressed, while in today’s competitive corporate world, it’s becoming a practice ground for the best corporate gameplay.

Today, I would discuss 4 ways how an internship could set you up to be influential beyond your work, which, in other words, we call “impactful networking”.

Imagine you’re a manager with one headcount open in six months. You’ve got a stack of resumes from strangers, and you’ve got Alex, the intern who sat next to you all summer, asked good questions, and helped Priya from the design team debug her formula at 6pm on a Thursday. You’re not going to make that decision based on a resume. You’re going to hire the person you already trust.

So the real internship project is this: become the person people already trust. Here’s how.

Most interns treat their internships like a checklist: do the assigned tasks, hit the deadlines, go home. That’s the bare minimum. The interns who get remembered are the ones who notice when someone else is drowning and quietly help out, even when it’s not their job.

Picture this:

It’s the last week of the quarter, and the marketing team is scrambling to get a report formatted before a client call in an hour. You’re a finance intern. Technically, this isn’t your problem. But you know Excel, and you see someone stressed out three desks away. You walk over and say, “Hey, want a hand with that formatting? I’m free for 20 minutes.” That’s it. That’s the whole move.

It doesn’t have to be dramatic!!
It can be as small as grabbing an extra coffee for someone who’s clearly been in back-to-back meetings, or offering to proofread a teammate’s email before they send it to a VP. None of this is in your job description. All of it is remembered.

Why it works:

People don’t build long memories around “did the job correctly". They build long memories around “went out of their way for me when they didn’t have to.” That’s the moment that sticks.

The Slack message goes out: “Team happy hour Thursday, 5pm, optional.” A lot of interns read “optional” and stay home to finish a task or just recharge. Totally understandable….

But also a missed opportunity, because “optional” work events are where the actual relationship-building happens.

Here’s why:

In a formal meeting, you’re “the intern". At a happy hour, or a team lunch, or the Friday office trivia game, you’re just a person. That’s when your manager finds out you’re both obsessed with the same TV show, or that you used to play competitive volleyball, or that you make surprisingly good small talk about airport delays. Those tiny human connections are what turn “the intern” into “our intern”, someone the team feels like they know.

You don’t need to go to everything, and you definitely don’t need to stay out past your comfort zone. But saying yes to the low-stakes stuff, the team lunch, the volunteer event, and the office softball game is one of the highest-leverage things you can do with your time. It’s networking that doesn’t feel like networking.

This is the one most interns skip, and it’s probably the most powerful.

Every person at your company has a story:

How they got there, what they wish they’d known earlier, and what a normal Tuesday actually looks like for them. Most interns never ask. They’re too focused on looking competent to realize that people love talking about themselves and that asking good questions is one of the fastest ways to build a real relationship.

So, in the next casual meeting, keep a note and ask them

• “How did you achieve this role — was this the plan, or did it happen sideways?”
• “What does a normal week actually look like for you?”
• “What do you know now that you wish someone had told you when you were starting out?”

You’ll be shocked how often people say yes to a coffee chat like this and how much they open up. A VP who seems intimidating in a big meeting might turn out to be someone who started in the mailroom and has a genuinely great story to tell — if anyone bothers to ask.

Why it works:

Curiosity is flattering. When you ask someone about their path, you’re implicitly saying, "Your experience matters to me.” That’s rare, and people remember who made them feel that way.

This is the step almost everyone forgets, and it’s the one that actually pays off months later.

Say your internship wraps up in August. In October, you see an article about a project your old team was working on. Send it to your manager with a one-line note: “Saw this and thought of the project we were on this summer; hope it’s going well!” That’s a 30-second email. It costs you nothing. And it keeps you on their radar for exactly the moment when a full-time role opens up.

Connect with people on LinkedIn before your last day, not with a generic request but with a short note referencing something specific you worked on together. Send a thank-you note to your manager. If someone gave you real career advice during your internship, tell them a few months later how it played out. People remember who stayed in touch and who disappeared the second the badge stopped working.

Why it works:

Hiring decisions are about recency as much as merit. If you vanish after your last day, you’re relying entirely on someone remembering you months later, unprompted. If you check in occasionally, you’re doing the remembering for them.

Competence gets you through the door. Relationships get you the offer. Doing good work is the baseline, not the differentiator.

Small, unglamorous acts of helpfulness compound. Helping with something outside your role costs you little and is remembered far longer than you’d expect.

“Optional” social events are actually high-value work. They’re where you stop being “the intern” and start being a known, trusted person on the team.

Curiosity is an underrated networking tool. Asking people about their career path is easy, low-pressure, and genuinely builds connection.

Networking doesn’t end on your last day. A few well-timed check-ins after your internship can be the difference between being forgotten and being the first call when a role opens up.

At the end of the day, networking is about being a decent, curious, helpful person for a few months and letting that speak for itself.

How to Network at Your Internship (Without Feeling Fake About It) was originally published in Code Like A Girl on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

♦

Making bread was my first foray into a long-time love of not only food history but some of the science behind it and why things cook well – or don’t. Unlike putting together a dish with a protein, starch and some veg, baking and pastry demands attention to science. Or else it fails.

Let me give you one example of such a failure that resulted from a baking ratio being wonky and off-kilter: my attempt years ago at a special dessert for a fall dinner service, clafoutis.

As Michael Ruhlman’s excellent book has it, cooking is about basic (and accurate) ratios rather than recipes, per se, and the fundamental techniques, properly executed, that determine the success of a dish — even if it’s merely a simple sheet pan of scrumptious brown-butter chocolate chip cookies that you’re baking off.

I learned this the hard way in a restaurant kitchen — before Ruhlman’s book existed — by way of a rustic dish from Limousin.

A region of southwest-central France (where Limousin beef cattle are from), clafoutis is a tart-like dessert that I had made at home successfully a number of times; it can either be slightly cake-like in texture, or it can take on a thicker pudding-like consistency; the latter of which was my goal at the restaurant.

First some background: in the Limousin countryside, clafoutis is traditionally a cherry dessert, but it can be made with just about any fruit. The technique is simple: you basically pour the batter over the fruit and bake it, serving it slightly warm with a dollop of whipped cream – and if you’re into gilding the lily using a fine-meshed sieve to give it a liberal showering of confectioner’s sugar as further garnish.

In this dessert, though, I need to provide an important safety note: in the traditional Limousin cherry clafoutis, the cherries are cooked with their pits. There is a good reason for this from a culinary technique point of view: whenever you cook with fruit that has a pit, the combination of the two creates a more robust flavour. In cherries, that’s a slight tinge of clove and almond that is created by a variety of chemicals, the names of which I don’t know, in the pits (a cherry is known as a drupe) which are activated when they are being baked at 350F.

All of that makes the cherry clafoutis à la Limousin extremely delicious – but from a dental point of view, it’s not really a good way to serve customers for fear of their cracking a tooth — something that doesn’t look good on a Google review.

Of course, I didn’t want to risk that and defaulted to the very tasty and less tooth enamel-threatening blueberry (although those do stain teeth quite well).

My dessert, because I botched the calculation of reducing the recipe for a single large clafoutis tart into multiple individual servings, baked into something quite solid – even the blueberries.

The Chef came over to inspect my clafoutis work, poked at the ramekins a bit and then (in a moment that I will grant a wonderfully understated and gentle sarcasm) delivered with an arched eyebrow a brilliant piece of wise-acre marketing: “Call them Blueberries Coppolino.”

But I got it: it was clearly a sign that these calamitous clafoutis could not be sent out for dessert.

Damn ratios.

[Image/David Loong]

Check out my latest post Blueberry clafoutis and ratios from AndrewCoppolino.com.

Today's K-W Record has a large Opinion article by Luisa D'Amato on page A3 titled " Something big is happening at Wilmot's industrial megasite. Why are we in the dark?" Personally I find the timing very telling. Remember the haste to prematurely cut the corn crop in one of the fields a year or two ago? That seemed to be sending a message to critics which was we the Region bought the field and we'll do with it as we please. Now just two months before municipal elections I have to wonder if the increase in activity including removing buildings, hiring security guards to patrol access roads and archeologists on site doing research is to defeat any negative response by citizens at the upcoming polls. Are regional councillors afraid that the election might actually reverse the process if citizens kick all the bums out of office?

As Luisa D'Amato indicates, a non-disclosure agreement prior to the bulk of the land being assembled might be justified on the basis of land costs being affected, but after the fact seems unreasonable. It is unreasonable because the public who are actually footing the bills have a right to know how this project "...will affect our environment, our food security, our water supply and our road and sewer infrastructure."  To date all requests for studies such as traffic, wildlife,  declining farmland capacity, electrical usage and water supply needs and capabilities have all been ignored. That is grossly unacceptable and exactly why those buggars need to be fired by their employers (i.e. us). 

Add to all that is the recent recognition of the frailty of our water system in Waterloo Region. This proposed megasite is close to the Wilmot Centre Wellfield which is already under enormous pumping pressure plus hampered by high Nitrates contamination. Ms. D'Amato mentions the concerns around a chemical spill. This is why subsurface stratigraphic conditions directly beneath the megasite need to be publicly published as well as the overlying soil/clay/sand/gravel above the wellscreens for the Wilmot Centre Wellfield. My recollection is that there are parts of the Waterloo Moraine in Wilmot Township with minimal to no clay aquitards between the ground surface and the predominate two aquifers beneath. Those areas are extremely vulnerable to chemical spills and could quickly finish off any hope of continued groundwater usage in large parts of Waterloo Region.

What if we viewed workplace culture as a garden?

That’s the metaphor Abi Adamson used in her closing keynote at the International Allyship Day conference hosted by Next Pivot Point earlier this week.

Adamson gave us a peek at her upcoming book Culture Blooming: Nurturing Workplaces Where People Grow. In her garden metaphor, each person needs the right conditions to thrive.

And while we may not be able to control the “soil” of our organization (the policies, practices, and cultural toxins), we can control the “light.”

We can pay attention to who gets seen, heard, credited, and given career-making opportunities. And make sure people aren’t left to wither in the shadows.

Here are a few ways to put that into practice:

• Speak their name when they aren’t in the room. Advocate for coworkers in the decision-making rooms where they aren’t present.
• Give them credit. Publicly acknowledge their ideas, contributions, and expertise.
• Bring them along. Invite a colleague to join a high-profile meeting to help them gain visibility and exposure to senior leaders.
• Distribute stretch assignments fairly. Make sure access to high-profile projects and task forces isn’t limited to the same “go-to” people.

Who on your team could use a little more light? And what can you do to shine it their way?

Share this action on Instagram, LinkedIn, or YouTube.

Sponsor 5 Ally Actions and put your brand or business in front of 40,000 caring individuals in business, healthcare, education, and non-profits.

Or, say thanks to Karen and buy her a coffee ☕.

Jeepers. New research suggests that AI can develop its own biases from experience and stereotype job applicants even more readily than humans do.

Researchers at Princeton University and the University of Chicago put large language models (LLMs), including ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini, through a simulated hiring game with four fictional ethnic groups. The LLMs quickly began sorting candidates from different groups into different jobs based on early observations.

For example, when a candidate from one ethnic group failed as a doctor, the models began avoiding other candidates from that group for doctor roles. Instead, they started hiring them to lower-status jobs, such as janitorial work.

The models learned a stereotype from limited evidence and then generalized it to an entire group.

AI can be a powerful tool, but we can’t let it introduce more bias into our hiring decisions than we already have (which is too much).

If your organization is using AI to evaluate candidates, share this research. Ask whether AI is actually helping with the task. And start a conversation about what checks and balances are needed to help prevent further bias in the hiring process.

During the 25 years I worked in the tech industry, my managers always held one-on-one meetings with me. Sometimes they were weekly, sometimes less frequent. Regardless, I relied on them to keep my manager informed, ask for advice, and get help removing roadblocks.

I also got plenty of positive reinforcement about the things I was doing well, along with constructive suggestions for how to get better. I’m not sure how I could have effectively done my job or grown in my career without the feedback I received in these meetings.

You know what else? I would have been angry if my manager had scheduled one-on-one meetings with others on my team, but not with me.

While that’s not something I have experienced, many have. In Being Black In Corporate America, Coqual uncovered 14 specific microaggressions that Black employees experience at significantly higher rates than all other racial groups surveyed. One is, “My manager has met one-on-one with others on my team, but not with me.”

Don’t be that manager.

What story are your images telling?

We send subtle messages whenever and wherever we use images. In presentations and pitch decks. In marketing collateral. In blog posts, websites, and recruiting material. If we consistently show one type of person as the leader, expert, or successful employee, we may inadvertently reinforce stereotypes about who belongs in those roles.

So, the next time you choose a stock photo or use AI to generate an image, take a closer look. Ask yourself, who is represented and who is missing?

And, are you portraying people authentically and respectfully?

I recently updated my list of favorite stock photography resources to include All In Frame, a free stock photography collection led by disabled creatives to help marketers, advertisers, and creative teams tell more authentic stories about disability.

I especially appreciate this guideline from their Terms of Use:

“You may not use the image in any context that demeans, stereotypes, exploits, misrepresents, or otherwise harms the dignity, rights, or lived experience of disabled people or any person depicted in the image.”

While I wish the guideline wasn’t needed, I appreciate the reminder that representation matters and it should be done with respect.

I heard from a subscriber whose coworker announced a new productivity tool called “Master Aggregate.”

She reached out to him and asked, “Could we call it something other than ‘master’?”

Then she used one of my favorite techniques for better allies: give feedback by sharing what you’ve learned.

She explained that she’d learned the term “master” isn’t the most inclusive choice from a historical perspective, and often isn’t the clearest way to describe what we’re trying to say.

As an alternative, she suggested the phrase “Synced Aggregate.”

Her coworker thanked her and immediately changed the tool’s name.

Made. My. Day. 🙏

If you’ve taken a step towards being a better ally, please reply to this email and tell me about it. And mention if I can quote you by name or credit you anonymously in an upcoming newsletter.

That’s all for this week. I’m glad you’re on this journey with me,

Karen Catlin (she/her), Author of the Better Allies® book series

100% written by me. I use AI for researching a personal archive of my books and past newsletters, and for light editing.

Copyright © 2026 Karen Catlin. All rights reserved.

Together, we can make a difference with the Better Allies® approach.

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Control the Light, and Other Actions for Allies was originally published in Code Like A Girl on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

You know I'd like to fill out a survey that I had some confidence was actually honest and above board. One that for example I could see my survey responses at some later date had not only been received but kept as part of the documentation on file. Do I really believe that my or anybody else's comments have actually been taken to heart by regional staff or politicians? Not a hope. 

The survey I filled out today was advertised in the K-W Record and is the second that I have completed. It makes me wonder what the results of the first survey were. Is the Region hoping to come off looking better simply by their proposed new procedure that was in yesterday's newspaper and probably introduced at regional council the day before? If their ratings have already risen does that mean that they can then backtrack by the five councillors of the appeal group deciding to automatically torpedo 95% of all appeals coming their way?

Surveys and dog and pony shows such as past regional games playing and likely the latest "public information and consultation session"  scheduled for August 20/26 are not true public consultation. Public consultation is less scripted and more public. Citizens ask questions from a microphone so that all present can hear their questions and then also hear the responses back from whomever is representing the government or industry behind the public meeting. Something like that would be worth attending. Private one on one discussions with staff are a waste of time and do nothing.

Imagine you read the following sentence:

The trophy didn’t fit in the suitcase because it was too big.

What does “it” refer to?

The trophy?

Or the suitcase?

Most of us answer that question almost instantly without consciously thinking about it. Somehow, our brain knows which earlier words are important.

Large Language Models face exactly the same challenge.

Before predicting the next token, the model first needs to figure out which earlier tokens matter the most. Not every word contributes equally to the meaning of a sentence. Some words carry the core meaning, while others provide little useful information.

This ability to identify the most relevant parts of a sentence is called self-attention, and it’s one of the key innovations that made modern language models so successful.

Instead of treating every earlier word equally, the model learns to focus on the ones that provide the most useful information.

In this article, we’ll build an intuitive understanding of self-attention without diving into heavy mathematics. By the end, you’ll understand why the Transformer architecture changed natural language processing forever.

Before Transformers, many language models processed text one word after another.

Imagine someone reading a book while trying to remember every previous sentence. As the story becomes longer, remembering details from earlier chapters becomes increasingly difficult.

Earlier neural network architectures faced a similar challenge. Although techniques like LSTMs and GRUs improved long-term memory, they still struggled with capturing relationships between words that were far apart in a sentence.

Consider this sentence:

The animal didn’t cross the road because it was tired.

When we read the word it we immediately understand that it refers to the animal.

For a machine, making that connection isn’t obvious.

The model needs a way to look back at the sentence and decide which earlier words matter most.

That is precisely what self-attention was designed to do.

Imagine you’re attending a meeting with ten people.

At the end of the discussion, someone asks:

Who approved the budget?

You don’t replay every sentence spoken during the meeting.

Instead, your brain immediately focuses on the finance manager because that’s the person most likely to have the answer.

Your attention naturally filters out information that isn’t relevant.

Self-attention works in a similar way.

Instead of treating every token equally, the model asks:

Which previous tokens should I pay attention to before making my next prediction?

Every token examines the other tokens in the sentence and decides how much importance each one deserves.

Some receive a great deal of attention.

Others receive very little.

At first, this raises an interesting question.

If every token can look at every other token, how does the model know which word came first?

Self-attention alone doesn’t understand word order.

That’s why Transformers add positional encoding, which gives every token information about its position in the sentence before attention is calculated. Positional encoding and self-attention work together — one tells the model where a token appears, while the other helps decide which tokens matter most.

Without positional encoding, the sentence:

Dog bites man

would look almost identical to

Man bites dog.

Let’s look at a simple sentence.

The cat sat on the mat.

When processing the token sat, the model doesn’t only look at the previous word.

Instead, it considers every token in the sentence.

An example attention distribution might look like this:

| Token | Attention |
|-------|----------:|
| The   | 5%        |
| cat   | 60%       |
| sat   | 20%       |
| on    | 10%       |
| mat   | 5%        |

The model isn’t reading the sentence strictly from left to right.

Instead, it builds relationships between all tokens simultaneously.

This ability to connect distant words is one of the biggest reasons Transformers outperformed earlier language models.

How does the model decide which words deserve more attention?

It calculates an attention score between every pair of tokens.

A higher score means one token is more relevant to another.

Imagine the scores looked like this:

cat -> sat = 0.82

cat -> mat = 0.11

cat -> the = 0.07

These numbers aren’t manually programmed.

During training, the model gradually learns which relationships are useful for making accurate predictions.

After seeing billions of examples, it becomes remarkably good at identifying important connections.

Most explanations of self-attention immediately introduce three unfamiliar terms:

• Query
• Key
• Value

That can make the idea seem much more complicated than it really is.

Instead, let’s first understand why these concepts exist.

A useful analogy is searching for a book in a library.

Imagine you’re looking for a book about machine learning.

• Your search request is the Query.
• Every book has a label describing its topic. That’s the Key.
• The contents inside the matching book are the Value.

You compare your search request with every book label.

The closer the match, the more likely you are to open that book.

Self-attention works almost the same way.

Each token creates:

• a Query describing what information it’s looking for
• a Key describing what information it offers
• a Value containing the information that will actually be shared

The model compares every Query with every Key.

The better the match, the more influence that token’s Value has on the final representation.

You can think of Query, Key, and Value as a search engine.

The Query represents what the token is looking for.

The Key describes what information another token offers.

The Value contains the information that can be shared.

Although the underlying mathematics involves matrix multiplication and dot products, the core idea is surprisingly intuitive:

Tokens that are more relevant to each other receive more attention.

Looking at language from a single perspective isn’t always enough. Language contains many different types of relationships.

Imagine asking a group of experts to analyze the same sentence.

One focuses on grammar.

Another looks for relationships between subjects and verbs.

Another tracks pronouns.

Another searches for long-distance connections.

Multi-head attention works in a surprisingly similar way.

The outputs from all attention heads are then combined before passing to the next Transformer layer.

Self-attention solved several problems that earlier language models struggled with.

It allows every token to interact directly with every other token in the sequence, making it much easier to capture long-range relationships.

Unlike recurrent models, Transformers can process all tokens in parallel during training, significantly improving training efficiency on modern hardware.

Because of these advantages, self-attention became the foundation of today’s Large Language Models.

Self-attention does have one important limitation.

Every token compares itself with every other token.

As the input becomes longer, every token has to compare itself with more tokens, causing the amount of computation to grow rapidly.

That’s one reason researchers continue developing more efficient attention mechanisms for long-context models.

Whether you’re using GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama or DeepSeek, they all rely on this same fundamental idea.

Not exactly.

Self-attention helps the model decide which parts of the context deserve the most focus.

It does not mean the model understands language the way humans do.

The model still learns statistical patterns from enormous amounts of text.

Self-attention is simply one mechanism that makes those learned patterns far more useful.

Self-attention is memory.

Not quite. Attention determines which tokens are most relevant at the current moment.

Memory is a broader concept involving the model’s parameters and its context window.

Every token receives equal attention.

No. Different tokens receive different attention scores depending on the context.

Self-attention alone makes Large Language Models intelligent.

Self-attention is one important component. Embeddings, positional encoding, feed-forward networks, training data, optimization algorithms, and massive computational resources all contribute to the model’s capabilities.

• Every token can attend to every other token.
• Attention scores are learned during training.
• Queries, Keys, and Values determine how attention works.
• Multi-head attention captures different types of relationships.
• Self-attention is one of the core ideas behind every Transformer model.

Self-attention solved one of the biggest challenges in language modeling:

How can a model decide which earlier words matter most?

Instead of reading text one token at a time and hoping important information isn’t forgotten, Transformers allow every token to examine the entire context before making a prediction.

That simple shift completely changed modern AI.

Today, every time ChatGPT generates a response, millions of attention calculations happen behind the scenes.

Before making a prediction, every token effectively asks:

Out of everything I’ve seen so far, what deserves my attention right now?

The answer to that question guides the model toward its next prediction.

Once you understand self-attention, ideas like Transformers, inference, context windows, and even AI agents become much easier to understand because they all build on this same foundation.

How Self-Attention Works in Large Language Models: Explained with Simple Examples was originally published in Code Like A Girl on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

Think about a classroom during attendance.

Each student is assigned a roll number:

• Roll No 1 → Rahul
• Roll No 2 → Priya
• Roll No 3 → Arjun
• Roll No 4 → Sneha

Now suppose the teacher wants to know:

“Who is Roll No 25?”

The teacher doesn’t need to read every student’s name before that. Since each student already has a position, they can directly look up Roll №25.

Arrays work similarly. Every element has a position (index), allowing quick access. That ability to access information by its position is one of the reasons arrays are so useful.

What’s interesting is that most developers start using arrays long before they formally learn Data Structures and Algorithms. Whenever you’ve worked with a list of users, products, notifications, messages, comments, or transactions, you’ve likely been using arrays without giving them much thought.

Arrays are everywhere because a large number of real-world applications deal with collections of similar pieces of data. Whether you’re displaying products on an e-commerce website, showing notifications in a mobile app, or rendering search results on Google, chances are an array is involved somewhere behind the scenes.

Understanding arrays is important because they are not just another data structure. They are the foundation on which many other DSA concepts and problem-solving patterns are built.

An array is a data structure that stores multiple values under a single variable name.

Imagine having to store the names of students in a classroom without arrays:

const roll_No1 = "John";
const roll_No2 = "Sarah";
const roll_No3 = "Mike";
const roll_No4 = "Emma";

This works when there are only a few users, but it quickly becomes difficult to manage as the list grows.

Arrays solve this problem by allowing us to group related values together:

const students = ["John", "Sarah", "Mike", "Emma"];

Instead of managing four separate variables, we now have a single array that contains all the users.

Each value inside the array is assigned a position known as an index. One thing that need to remember is that array indexing starts from 0, not 1.

const students = ["John", "Sarah", "Mike", "Emma"];

console.log(students[0]); // John
console.log(students[1]); // Sarah
console.log(students[2]); // Mike

Here, "John" is stored at index 0, "Sarah" at index 1, and "Mike" at index 2.

This idea of assigning a position to every element is what makes arrays so powerful.

Let’s go back to our classroom example.

Suppose a teacher wants to know who has Roll No 50. The teacher doesn’t need to start from Roll No 1 and count all the way to 50. Since every student already has an assigned position, they can directly look up Roll No 50.

Arrays work in much the same way.

Because every element has an index, the computer can directly access the required position instead of searching through the entire collection.

const numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

console.log(numbers[3]);

When we ask for numbers[3], the computer doesn't start from the beginning and count its way to the fourth element. It already knows exactly where that position is located and can retrieve it immediately.

Whether the array contains 5 elements or 5 million elements, accessing an element by its index requires essentially the same amount of work.

That’s why array access is considered O(1), also known as constant time complexity. The size of the array doesn’t affect how quickly the element can be retrieved.

Now that we understand how arrays are organized, let’s connect them to the complexity concepts we discussed in Episode 1.

Some array operations are extremely fast, while others become more expensive as the array grows.

Understanding why these complexities differ is much more valuable than simply memorizing them.

Suppose we want to access the element at index 5:

arr[5]

Since every element in an array has a fixed position, the computer can directly jump to that location and retrieve the value.

There is no need to check the elements before it or search through the array.

That’s why accessing an element by index takes O(1) time.

Now consider a different problem. Instead of asking for a specific position, we’re looking for a specific value.

const arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

Suppose we want to find the value 50.

The computer has no way of knowing where that value is located, so it starts checking the elements one by one.

Is it 10?
Is it 20?
Is it 30?
Is it 40?
Is it 50?

In the worst case, the value might be at the very end of the array, or it might not exist at all. That means every element may need to be inspected.

As the array grows, the amount of work grows as well, which gives us a time complexity of O(n).

Adding a new element to the end of an array is usually straightforward.

[10, 20, 30, 40]

Insert 50:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Nothing else needs to move, so this operation typically takes O(1) time.

Now let’s insert a value at the start of the array.

[10, 20, 30, 40]

Insert 5:

[5, 10, 20, 30, 40]

From our perspective, this looks like a simple operation. Internally, however, every existing element must shift one position to the right to make space for the new value.

10 → moves to index 1
20 → moves to index 2
30 → moves to index 3
40 → moves to index 4

The larger the array becomes, the more elements need to be moved.

That’s why inserting at the beginning has a time complexity of O(n).

A similar situation occurs when we remove the first element.

[10, 20, 30, 40]

Remove 10:

[20, 30, 40]

After the deletion, every remaining element must shift one position to the left to fill the gap.

Because the amount of work grows with the size of the array, deleting from the beginning also takes O(n) time.

The key takeaway is that arrays are incredibly efficient when you know exactly where the data is located, but operations that require shifting many elements can become expensive as the array grows.

Let’s start with one of the most common array problems.

Given an array of numbers, find the largest value present in it.

Input:

[5, 9, 2, 15, 7]

Output:

15

Imagine all the numbers are placed on a table.

Instead of comparing every number with other numbers, we can keep track of the largest number we’ve seen so far.

We start by assuming the first number is the largest. Then, as we move through the array, we compare each number against our current largest value. Whenever we find a bigger number, we update it.

By the time we reach the end of the array, the value we’re holding will be the largest number in the entire array.

function findLargest(arr) {
  let largest = arr[0];
    for (let num of arr) {
      if (num > largest) {
        largest = num;
      }
    }

  return largest;
  }

Array = [5, 9, 2, 15, 7]

Start:
largest = 5

5 > 5 ? No
largest = 5

9 > 5 ? Yes
largest = 9

2 > 9 ? No
largest = 9

15 > 9 ? Yes
largest = 15

7 > 15 ? No
largest = 15

Answer = 15

We traverse the array exactly once, checking each element against the current largest value.

• Time Complexity: O(n)
• Space Complexity: O(1)

The time complexity is O(n) because every element is visited once. The space complexity is O(1) because we only use a single variable, largest, regardless of how large the array becomes.Pattern Behind This Problem

This problem introduces one of the most fundamental patterns in Data Structures and Algorithms: Linear Traversal.

In this problem, we start at the beginning of the array and examine every number exactly once while keeping track of the largest value we’ve seen so far. While traversing, we can perform whatever operation the problem requires, such as finding a maximum value, counting elements, calculating a sum, or checking a condition. Although the pattern seems simple, it appears surprisingly often. You’ll encounter it while working with arrays, strings, linked lists, trees, and many other data structures.

As we move through this series, we’ll build on this foundation and explore more advanced patterns that evolve from the same basic idea.

Consider the following array:

[2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19]

We need to count how many even numbers are present in the array.

The answer is:

3

because 2, 8, and 14 are even.

Before writing any code, think about what information we actually need. The problem is asking for the count of even numbers, not the numbers themselves. That means there is no need to store even numbers we find.

Instead, we can start with a counter set to 0 and traverse the array one element at a time. Whenever we encounter an even number, we increment the counter by one. By the time we reach the end of the array, the counter will tell us exactly how many even numbers are present.

Instead of storing every even number, we only need a count.

Start with zero.

Whenever you encounter an even number, increase the count.

Continue until the array ends.

function countEvenNumbers(arr) {
  let count = 0;
  for (let num of arr) {
      if (num % 2 === 0) {
        count++;
      }
    }
    return count;
  }

Again, every element is visited once.

Time Complexity: O(n)

Space Complexity: O(1)

Behind this solution is the same Linear Traversal pattern that we saw in the previous problem. We move through the array one element at a time and perform a small piece of work for each element.

However, this problem introduces another important concept: maintaining a running value.

Instead of storing every even number we encounter, we keep track of only the information we actually need. In this case, that information is the count of even numbers, so we continuously update a single variable as we traverse the array.

This idea shows up frequently in DSA. Whether you’re calculating a running sum, tracking a maximum value, counting occurrences, or maintaining a window of information, the underlying approach is process each element and keep updating a variable that represents the current state of the solution.

At first glance, arrays might look simple.

In fact, many developers underestimate them because they are usually the first data structure we learn.

But arrays are the foundation for a huge portion of Data Structures and Algorithms.

Many popular patterns begin with arrays:

• Linear Traversal
• Two Pointers
• Sliding Window
• Prefix Sum
• Binary Search
• Hashing
• Kadane’s Algorithm

The important thing is to recognize that arrays are where these patterns start.

Once you’re comfortable traversing arrays and understanding their complexity, learning those patterns becomes much easier.

For anyone interested in practicing further, here are a few LeetCode problems that align well with the concepts covered in this episode.

1480. Running Sum of 1D Array

1732. Find the Highest Altitude

2011. Final Value of Variable After Performing Operations

485. Max Consecutive Ones

414. Third Maximum Number

A Little More Challenging

724. Find Pivot Index

121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock

53. Maximum Subarray

697. Degree of an Array

1748. Sum of Unique Elements

In the next episode, we’ll explore the Two Pointers pattern and discover why having two positions moving through an array can often be more useful than having just one.

Arrays: From Classroom Attendance to Algorithms was originally published in Code Like A Girl on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

KITCHENER - Yosvani Penalver only had one hit on the night, but it provided the momentum swing the Kitchener Panthers needed.

Down 2-0, he hit a three-run home run in the third inning and Kitchener never looked back in a 7-5 win over the Toronto Maple Leafs Thursday night at Jack Couch Park.

The Panthers scored three more in the fourth, two of which came off the bat of Malik Williams. His two-run single extended the lead, while Williams reached a milestone with his 100th career RBI.

Jorge Minyety got the win, striking out three in six innings of work. He gave up two runs on four hits, including a first inning solo homer from Yasiel Puig.

Jacob Liberta gave up three runs (two earned in the ninth), and Toronto did get the tying run to the plate, but the lefty reliever wrapped things up.

Kitchener improves to 14-26 on the season, while Toronto dropped to 12-24.

The Panthers hit the road to Welland on Saturday, before playing four of their next five at home. The next home game is Sunday at 2:05 p.m. against Barrie.

Kitchener will sport special jerseys on Sunday, commemorating Orange Shirt Day to honour the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation.

GET YOUR TICKETS NOW and #PackTheJack!

Located on a quiet court in the heart of Laurelwood, 298 Pineland Place is a beautifully updated family home offering approximately 2,500 square feet of finished living space, 3+1 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms and an exceptionally deep, private backyard.

With a bright open-concept main floor, renovated bathrooms, a fully finished basement and a 180-foot-deep lot surrounded by mature trees, this property offers the space and functionality many buyers are looking for when considering homes for sale in Laurelwood, Waterloo.

The main level is designed around everyday family living, with an open layout connecting the kitchen, dining area and family room.

At the centre of the space is a well-appointed eat-in kitchen featuring granite countertops, a tiled backsplash, under-cabinet lighting and extensive cabinetry. A large centre island provides additional prep space and breakfast bar seating, while premium appliances and an integrated dining area make the kitchen equally functional for busy mornings, family meals and entertaining.

Just beyond the kitchen, the sunken family room provides a comfortable gathering space with direct views and access to the backyard.

Large glass sliding doors open onto the rear deck, bringing in natural light and creating an easy connection between the indoor and outdoor living areas.

A convenient 2-piece powder room completes the main level.

Upstairs, the primary bedroom offers significantly more space than a typical bedroom layout.

Double-door entry opens into a generous suite with vaulted ceilings, a separate lounge or sitting area and dual closets. The room provides enough space to create a true retreat while still maintaining excellent storage.

The renovated 3-piece ensuite features a tiled glass shower with a rain shower fixture and modern finishes.

Two additional bedrooms are also generously sized and share an updated 4-piece main bathroom with a tub and shower combination, providing a practical layout for families.

The fully finished basement adds valuable flexibility to the home and extends the usable living space well beyond the main two levels.

An oversized family room provides plenty of room for a secondary TV area, games room or recreation space. A separate office or den creates a dedicated area for working from home, homework or hobbies.

The lower level also includes an additional bedroom, laundry room and excellent storage.

For growing families, buyers working from home or those who regularly host overnight guests, the basement provides options that can adapt as needs change.

The backyard is one of the defining features of 298 Pineland Place.

At approximately 180 feet deep, the lot offers considerably more outdoor space than is typically found in many established Waterloo neighbourhoods. Mature trees surround the property, creating a private and tranquil setting behind the home.

A large deck provides plenty of room for outdoor dining and entertaining, while the pergola adds a defined seating area. The fully fenced yard also includes a shed and extensive lawn space for children, pets, gardens or additional outdoor living areas.

With direct access from the family room, the backyard functions as a natural extension of the main living space throughout the warmer months.

Laurelwood continues to be one of Waterloo’s most established and sought-after west-end neighbourhoods, particularly for buyers looking for family-oriented streets, schools, parks and convenient access to everyday amenities.

298 Pineland Place is located within walking distance of neighbourhood schools and is zoned for Laurelwood Public School and Laurel Heights Secondary School, with St. Nicholas Catholic School also nearby.

The home is also just minutes from:

• Laurel Creek Conservation Area
• Stork Family YMCA
• Waterloo Public Library, Harper Branch
• The Boardwalk
• Grocery stores, restaurants and everyday shopping
• University of Waterloo
• Wilfrid Laurier University
• Major commuter routes throughout Waterloo Region

Laurel Creek Conservation Area adds extensive green space, trails and outdoor recreation close to home, while The Boardwalk provides convenient access to shopping, restaurants, services and entertainment.

For families balancing school, work, recreation and commuting, the location offers strong day-to-day convenience without sacrificing the residential feel that draws many buyers to Laurelwood.

298 Pineland Place offers approximately 2,500 square feet of finished living space across three levels, with a well-appointed kitchen, spacious primary suite, renovated bathrooms, finished basement and an exceptionally private 180-foot-deep backyard.

Set on a quiet court in an established Laurelwood location, it is a strong option for buyers searching for a spacious, move-in-ready family home in west Waterloo.

For more information about 298 Pineland Place or to arrange a private showing, contact The Deutschmann Team.

The post Family Home in the Heart of Laurelwood Waterloo | 298 Pineland Place appeared first on Kitchener Waterloo Real Estate Agent - The Deutschmann Team.

Is Your Business Ready Set Up for the Tools You Use Everyday? ♦

A typical workday depends on a lot of small connected moments. A payment goes through. A phone call comes in. A staff member checks a schedule. A customer uses Wi-Fi while waiting. Someone opens a cloud file, updates an order, or checks information from another device.

None of these actions may seem significant on their own. They are simply part of how the business runs. But together, they show how many everyday tasks now rely on Internet, Wi-Fi, phone, and network services working together in the background.

When everything is working well, those systems are easy to take for granted. As businesses add more staff, more devices, new software, or new ways of serving customers, it becomes helpful to ask whether the setup behind those systems still reflects how the business operates today.

Being “set up” means your Internet, Wi-Fi, phone, and network services still reflect the tools, systems, and workflows your business depends on today. That does not always mean something needs to change. It means the business has a clearer picture of what it depends on.

More of the Workday Runs Online
Business Internet is no longer just used for email, web browsing, and basic office tasks. For many Ontario businesses, connectivity now supports phone systems, payment terminals, cloud- based platforms, video meetings, customer portals, file sharing, scheduling tools, security systems, and connected devices throughout the workplace. For businesses that rely heavily on customer calls, Business Voice can also be an important part of that connected environment.

In a retail store, that may include a point-of-sale system, debit terminal, guest Wi-Fi, inventory tools, and cameras. In a professional office, it may include cloud files, phone service, shared applications, video calls, and remote access. In a clinic, restaurant, warehouse, or service business, the tools may look different, but the reliance is similar.

More of the workday now runs through connected systems. That makes connectivity part of the operating environment, not just a service in the background.

♦

Everyday Changes Can Add Up Over Time

Business needs often change gradually. A new employee joins the team. A new software platform is added. Staff begin using more cloud-based files. A payment system is updated. Guest Wi-Fi becomes more important. More devices are connected throughout the workplace. A phone system starts supporting more customer calls. Each change may seem small on its own. Over time, those changes can add up.

The services that worked well when the business had fewer users, fewer systems, or different workflows may now be supporting more than they were originally set up to handle. That does not mean the current setup is wrong. It means the business has evolved.

This is especially true for small and mid-sized businesses that grow in practical, everyday ways. Growth is not always a major expansion. Sometimes it looks like more customers, more connected systems, more staff using shared tools, or more work happening online throughout the day.

Why a Clearer View Can Help Your Business Plan Better

Many businesses know which Internet, phone, or Wi-Fi services they have. Fewer have a clear view of everything those services support. That matters because connected systems are often linked together in daily operations. If staff use Business Wi-Fi for tablets, payment systems, cloud software, scheduling tools, and customer communication, Wi-Fi is not just a convenience. It is part of how work gets done.

The same applies to Business Internet, Voice, and Network Solutions. These services may
support more day-to-day activity than expected, especially when several systems are being
used at the same time.

For business owners and decision makers, understanding that full picture can make planning easier. It can show whether the current setup still fits the  way the business works, whether certain areas need more consistent support, or whether a more managed network environment could help simplify how everything works together.

A clearer view can also support better cost-awareness. It can help identify whether the business is using the right services for how it operates today, whether certain systems need more reliable support, or whether there are areas where the current setup no longer matches the way work is
being done.

The benefit is not only technical. It is practical. Understanding what your connectivity supports can help your business make more informed decisions, avoid reactive changes later, and plan with more confidence as needs evolve.

♦

Examples of Connected Tools by Business Type

Every business uses connected tools differently. The right setup depends on how the business operates, which systems are most important, and how staff and customers interact throughout the day.

• For a retail business, connectivity may support payment terminals, point-of-sale systems, guest Wi-Fi, inventory tools, cameras, and customer communication.
• For a professional office, it may support cloud files, phone systems, video meetings, shared applications, remote access, printers, and staff devices.
• For a restaurant or café, it may support debit terminals, online ordering, digital menus, guest Wi-Fi, scheduling tools, phones, and staff devices.
• For a service-based business, it may support dispatching, scheduling platforms, customer calls, shared files, mobile staff, and cloud-based systems used in the field.
• For a clinic, studio, or appointment-based business, it may support booking systems, phones, payment tools, customer records, Wi-Fi, security systems, and staff communication.

The details may vary, but the larger point is the same: more everyday business activity depends on connected systems working together.

♦

What to Look at Before Making Changes
Taking a closer look at your connected environment does not need to be complicated. It can start with a few simple questions about how your business works today.

What systems does your team rely on every day to communicate, serve customers, process payments, access files, or manage work? Which of those systems rely on Internet, Wi-Fi, phone, or network services? Have you added more users, devices, software, or customer-facing systems since your services were first set up?

It can also help to think about which systems are most important during busy periods. Phones, payment systems, staff devices, guest Wi-Fi, cloud tools, and security systems may all be active at the same time.

Consider whether any connected systems would interrupt the workday if they became unreliable. For some businesses, that may be payments or phones. For others, it may be scheduling software, cloud files, remote access, customer portals, or Wi-Fi-connected devices.

It is also useful to think about support. Do staff know who to contact if something is not working? Are services managed separately, or is there a clear point of contact? Has the business added new systems without taking a broader look at how everything works together?

That does not automatically mean the business needs a different service. It simply helps show what the current environment is supporting. For a related look at signs your current setup may need attention, read When It’s Time to Upgrade Business Internet. For decision makers, that clarity can be valuable. It provides a better view of what the business depends on today and where future planning may be helpful.

Planning for a More Connected Business

As businesses become more connected, planning becomes less about looking at one service on its own and more about understanding how everything works together.

Internet, Wi-Fi, phones, network services, and support all play a role in helping the business stay organized, responsive, and ready for everyday work. When those pieces are aligned with how the business operates, staff can access the tools they need more consistently, customer- facing systems are better supported, and future changes become easier to plan for.

For some businesses, the current setup may still be a good fit. For others, taking a closer look may reveal areas where Wi-Fi coverage, voice services, connected devices, or Network Solutions could be better aligned with how the business works today. The value is in having a clearer picture before decisions feel rushed.

Connected systems are now part of the everyday workday. Taking time to understand what supports them can help your business make practical decisions, plan with more confidence, and stay prepared as needs continue to evolve.

♦

Download the Checklist.
Explore Business Solutions
Execulink Business offers Internet, Voice, Wi-Fi, and Network Solutions designed to support the way businesses operate today, backed by Ontario-based support.
Explore Business Solutions at execulink.ca/business.

The post Is Your Business Set Up for the Tools You Use Every Day? appeared first on Greater KW Chamber of Commerce.

Hypocrisy, puffery and obfuscation, the three building blocks of politics. The quote about trust and accountability in the title above came from Amy Shaw of the Region of Waterloo.  Amy who? Is that the same Amy Shaw who worked for our grossly corrupt and dishonest Ontario Ministry of Environment for decades? Or was it only for many years? Either way I think she knows where she can put your trust and the Region's accountability and that is along with everybody else's trust and that is deep on the back shelf beside the non existent regional accountability. God the overwhelming nerve! I'll just bet that she and Hadley are buddies too. 

Meanwhile Wilmot Mayor Salonen has got to go in the upcoming election if as stated in today's K-W Record article "I'm really happy with where we are".  Longtime Wilmot resident Martha Bricker however referred to the all councillor appeals committee thusly: "If it's just councillors, it's just going to be the same old, same old." With age comes both wisdom and honesty provided you're not a politician.

Some of the terms of the new water interference process have been improved but not all. The one concerning an independent third party or professional doing the investigating can be easily monkied with as so many allegedly private and independent hydrogeologists and firms have long term financial interests with either the Ministry of Environment or the Region of Waterloo. Both sketchy parties sub contract studies and hydrogeological investigations to many different private consulting firms who once on the approved list want to stay there. Actually being independent and coming up with results that either the Region or the MECP don't want can end their government work.

Of course the real stinker is that after the investigation is completed and results submitted a resident told that their well has not been interfered with can appeal to a committee of five regional councillors. This is where the rubber meets the road and simply is not acceptable. The Region have showed that they do not play fair including ignoring written agreements with Wilmot Township as well as denying obvious interference claims in the past  while drastically increasing their water pumping from Wilmot wellfields.

I’m pretty sure all of us know how going out for dinner works. And no, I’m not talking about all the preparations before leaving the house or the famous waiting time while your partner is getting ready. 😄

I’m talking about the best part: sitting at the table, opening the menu, and telling the waiter what you’d like to eat.

For you, it is just a simple dish name:
“I would like the carbonara pasta, please.”

But have you ever wondered how your order looks from the chef’s perspective?

The chef doesn’t simply see “carbonara pasta.” Behind that simple request, there is a detailed recipe: ingredients, quantities, and instructions that transform your choice into the final dish arriving at your table.

And this is exactly how we can think about Table-Valued Functions in SQL: a simple request can be transformed into a complete set of information — a table of results ready to be used.

In my previous article, we explored CROSS APPLY and saw how SQL can execute a function for every row returned by another table.

But that raised an important question: what type of function can return a complete set of rows instead of a single value?

CROSS APPLY does not create those rows. It simply consumes the result returned by the function and combines it with the outer query.

This is where Table-Valued Functions come into play. Just like a chef needs a complete list of ingredients to prepare a dish, SQL sometimes needs a complete table of results to continue processing the data.

Let’s move forward because somehow I’m starting to get hungry 😅

So, getting into a more technical part, we know that a Table-Valued Function (TVF), as you most probably got from its name, is a function that returns a table.

The magic of a TVF (Table-Valued Function) is not only what it returns, but how SQL can use that result.

Before the chef (or maybe you 😉) can prepare your dish, they need a recipe that explains what ingredients are required and how they should be combined. That recipe isn’t just a simple instruction; it contains everything needed to prepare the final dish in a structured way.

A Table-Valued Function works in a very similar manner. It receives an input, applies a set of instructions, and returns a structured list of results, so we have:

So, how do we actually create that “recipe”? 🤔

Pretty simple:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.GetRecipeIngredients(...)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN
(
    SELECT ...
)

At first glance, it looks like any other SQL function. It has a name, it can accept parameters, and it contains logic that produces a result.

But there is one key difference: instead of returning a single value, it returns an entire table that can be queried just like any other table in your database.

And that’s where the real power of Table-Valued Functions begins.

Now, let’s imagine our restaurant database keeps track of its menu and recipes. To prepare a dish, we need to know which ingredients belong to each menu item:

and

and

How our code for the table-valued function look like?

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.GetRecipeIngredients
(
    @MenuItemID INT
)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN
(
    SELECT
        m.DishName,
        i.IngredientName,
        CONCAT(ri.Quantity, ' ', ri.Unit) AS Quantity
    FROM RecipeIngredients AS ri
    INNER JOIN Ingredients AS i
        ON ri.IngredientID = i.IngredientID
    INNER JOIN MenuItems AS m
        ON ri.MenuItemID = m.MenuItemID
    WHERE ri.MenuItemID = @MenuItemID
);

Now our recipe generator is ready. We provide the menu item as the input parameter:

SELECT *
FROM dbo.GetRecipeIngredients(2); -- 2 is the menuid for the Carbonara

SQL executes the logic inside the function and returns the ingredient list required for that dish, and we have something like this:

Notice that we provided only one input value: the menu item ID. However, the function returned multiple rows, each representing an ingredient required for that dish.

Usually, the dish depends on our hunger level. For sure, we will want a lot of time and hear our stomachs start a strike till we have our meal done.

So we have 2 types of recipes, the ones that you read once and you’re ready to start preparing, and the other ones that require a lot of time and experience (or ambition to do it).

This applies as well in our SQL kitchen, and we have:

• inline TVF → those simple recipe cards, read once and eat soon.
• multi-statement TVF → multiple-step recipe with intermediate work and an elaborate dish at the end.

These recipes that could easily fit on a sticky note: a straightforward set of instructions.

Going back to our SQL kitchen, it is a simple return of a single SELECT statement, just like the example we saw earlier. Nothing fancy like temporary variables and intermediate steps.

Simple recipe, simple process, simple result.

On the other hand, multi-statement TVF are more like our grandma's notebook, where the dishes are explained step by step, and also can have prerequisites and intermediate things that need to happen before the final dish is ready.

In SQL, it is translated into multiple statements and an internal table variable that helps us build the result one step at a time.

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.GetRecipeSummary
(
    @MenuItemID INT
)
RETURNS @Recipe TABLE
(
    DishName VARCHAR(100),
    IngredientName VARCHAR(100),
    Quantity VARCHAR(30),
    IngredientType VARCHAR(50)
)
AS
BEGIN

    -- First step: add the ingredients to our result table
    INSERT INTO @Recipe
    (
        DishName,
        IngredientName,
        Quantity,
        IngredientType
    )
    SELECT
        m.DishName,
        i.IngredientName,
        CONCAT(ri.Quantity, ' ', ri.Unit) AS Quantity,
        CASE
            WHEN i.IngredientName IN ('Pasta', 'Flour', 'Bread')
                THEN 'Main'
            WHEN i.IngredientName IN ('Salt', 'Pepper', 'Basil')
                THEN 'Seasoning'
            ELSE 'Other'
        END AS IngredientType
    FROM RecipeIngredients AS ri
    INNER JOIN Ingredients AS i
        ON ri.IngredientID = i.IngredientID
    INNER JOIN MenuItems AS m
        ON ri.MenuItemID = m.MenuItemID
    WHERE ri.MenuItemID = @MenuItemID;

    -- Additional processing could happen here

    RETURN;

END;

And after all this fight with the preparation step and logic, you call it exactly like an inline TFV:

SELECT *
FROM dbo.GetRecipeSummary(1);

When each of them is good, you might ask, seeing that they return almost the same table….

The rule of thumb says:

If you can write your TVF as a single SELECT, an Inline TVF is usually the answer.

Going back to my previous CROSS APPLY article, this TVF completes the puzzle and allows the CROSS APPLY to run it on each row returned by another table.

Imagine we have a table containing the dishes ordered at each restaurant table:

SELECT o.TableNumber, o.MenuItemID, r.IngredientName, r.Quantity 
FROM Orders AS o 
CROSS APPLY dbo.GetRecipeIngredients(o.MenuItemID) AS r;

Here, CROSS APPLY takes the MenuItemID from each order and passes it to our TVF.

An inline TVF lets our server breathe because there is no additional table variable to populate and no extra layer of processing between the query and the result.

A Multi-Statement TVF, on the other hand, gives us more room when the logic really needs multiple steps, so we can build the result gradually before returning the final table.

In the end, you should remember to:

Not open Grandma’s entire recipe notebook if a sticky note is enough. 😄

Stay tuned, and don’t forget you can find more data-related articles on my Medium.
If you enjoy my articles, let’s spend our coffee break together here ☕
🙏 Thank you for your support!

You can learn more about me and my work👉 here 👈

Table-Valued Functions in SQL: Turning Requests Into Data Tables was originally published in Code Like A Girl on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

I was watching a FIFA World Cup match streamed live on YouTube, and it was showing a live count of how many people were watching along with me, updating in real time.

My first thought was: that’s just a HashMap, add a viewer, remove a viewer when they drop off. But then I thought about it a bit more. A HashMap holding millions of viewer IDs, updating on every single join and leave, staying consistent enough to show a smooth live number, that didn’t sit right.

At that scale, something that “just works” like a HashMap usually isn’t what’s actually running under the hood.

So I went looking, and it surprised me. It wasn’t a HashMap at all. It was a small, elegant piece of math most engineers only encounter in a system design interview: HyperLogLog. This is me breaking down what I learned digging into it.

HashMap works. It’s also exact, which sounds like a feature until you look at the cost. You’re storing every single user ID, and that set grows without bound as your traffic grows. At a few thousand daily users, this is nothing. At tens of millions, that hash set is real memory you’re paying for every single day, just to answer “how many unique.”

Say I flip a coin and tell you I got tails three times in a row. Not a huge deal, that happens about once every 8 flips. But if I tell you I got tails fifteen times in a row, you’d assume one of two things: either I’ve been flipping for a very, very long time, or I’m lying.

That instinct, that rare streaks imply a large number of attempts, is the entire idea behind HyperLogLog. The more items you feed it, the more likely you are to see a rare pattern in the data. So if you’re only tracking the rarest pattern you’ve seen so far, you can work backward to estimate how many items passed through, without ever storing the items themselves.

1. Hash & Count Zero-Streaks: Every incoming ID is passed through a uniform hash function, outputting a sequence of binary $0$s and $1$s. HLL counts the number of consecutive trailing (or leading) zeros. A hash ending in $k$ zeros represents a $1\text{ in } 2^k$ event. If the longest zero-streak observed is 3, HLL estimates roughly $2³ = 8$ unique items have passed through.

2. Bucket to Mitigate Variance: A single “freak hash” (e.g., an ID hashing to 15 trailing zeros) would instantly corrupt a single counter. HLL prevents this by splitting the hash into two components:

• First p bits: Select a specific register (bucket).
• Remaining bits: Count zero-streaks local to that bucket.

3. Aggregate via Harmonic Mean: To merge individual bucket counts into a single global estimate, HLL applies a harmonic mean across all registers, followed by a bias-correction constant. Unlike an arithmetic mean, the harmonic mean severely suppresses extreme outliers, preventing a few anomalous buckets from skewing the final result.

The Result: Redis uses 16,384 registers capped at just 12 KB of memory to estimate cardinalities up to $2^{64}$ items with a typical standard error of ~0.81%.

Where It Belongs

• Analytics Dashboards: Daily Active User (DAU) metrics where speed and memory efficiency trump exact precision down to the single digit.
• Database Query Planners: Estimating column cardinality to choose optimal execution plans without performing full-table scans.
• Cache Management: Tracking the volume of distinct keys hitting a cache layer to optimize memory allocations.
• Native Infrastructure: Supported out-of-the-box in Redis using the PFADD and PFCOUNT commands.

When to Avoid It

• Small Datasets: If exact sets fit comfortably in memory, probabilistic trade-offs offer no practical benefit.
• Strict Audit & Financial Systems: Ledger platforms, billing systems, or compliance tracking where undercounting or overcounting by even 0.1\% represents real monetary loss. Eating the $O(N)$ memory cost for an exact hash set is the correct design decision here.

So what was actually counting those FIFA unique viewers?

Not a HashMap.

Just 16,384 tiny registers watching for the rarest pattern seen so far, and a bit of math turning that into “2.3M watching now.”

No per-viewer bookkeeping, no growing memory. That’s why it stays cheap to update live, in front of millions of people.

What stuck with me is that it’s not a faster way to count active users, it’s estimating “roughly how many.” And that shift, from exact to roughly, is what makes the whole thing possible.

How YouTube Counts Millions of Live Viewers was originally published in Code Like A Girl on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

KITCHENER - A two-run double from former Panther AJ Karosas capped off a five-run inning for the Brantford Red Sox Wednesday night, as they went on to beat Kitchener 12-4.

Kitchener took the early lead with Petey Kiefer's two-run double in the first inning.

Raffi Gross drove in the other two runs on a single in the sixth inning.

Evan Elliott gave up five runs on eight hits in four innings of work in the loss. He struck out four.

Anthony Porcellato nabbed the win for Brantford, going 5.1 innings and striking out six batters. Brody Black and Chris Ortega had home runs for the Red Sox.

Zane Skansi led the way for the Panthers with three hits, and recorded three stolen bases. On that note, Yunior Ibarra was solid behind the plate, catching three base runners stealing.

Kitchener dropped to 13-26 on the year, while Brantford improved to 13-22.

The Panthers host Toronto Thursday night at 7:05 p.m.

GET YOUR TICKETS NOW and #PackTheJack!

Friendship Dinner 2026: Welcome Home♦

♦ Saturday, October 24, 2026 
♦ Bingemans Conference Centre, Marshall Hall 
♦ 5:00 pm – 9:00 pm 

Buy a ticket, reserve a table, bring a friend, or donate a ticket. 

Together, we’re helping create a community where everyone can find a place to call home. 

♦Is it a roof over your head? 

A favourite chair in the corner of the room? 

The people who gather around your table? 

For most of us, home is about far more than four walls. Home is where we feel safe. It’s where we belong. It’s where we can rest, dream, connect with others, and build a future. 

But for many people in Waterloo Region, that home can feel out of reach. 

Every day, House of Friendship walks alongside people in our community who are experiencing complex challenges. Through the generosity of our incredible donors, we offer food security, stable housing, addiction treatment, and neighborhood support. These community connections help move people toward stability, belonging, and hope. 

This fall, we invite you to join us as we explore what it truly means to be welcomed home. 

Registration is now open for Friendship Dinner 2026: Welcome Home. 

Join us on Saturday, October 24, 2026, at Bingemans Conference Centre, Marshall Hall, for an inspiring evening of community, storytelling, and impact. 

Together, we’ll celebrate the upcoming completion of Friendship Village, a transformative supportive housing community that will provide more than housing – it’s a place where people can access support, build relationships, and find belonging. 

Throughout the evening, you’ll hear powerful stories that highlight the journey from homelessness to housing and learn how supporters like you are helping create lasting change across Waterloo Region.

This year’s theme, Welcome Home, is not only about buildings or housing developments. 

It’s about what happens when a community comes together. 

It’s about creating spaces where people feel seen, valued, and supported. 

It’s about ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to belong. 

Whether you’ve attended Friendship Dinner for years or are considering joining us for the first time, we hope you’ll be part of this special evening. 

The post Friendship Dinner 2026: Welcome Home appeared first on House Of Friendship.

“It’s not easy being all alone,” said Joy. “I’m glad I found House of Friendship.”

Joy came to Canada 23 months ago as a refugee from Nigeria.

♦

“I had to run for my life,” said Joy. “I had to leave my family behind.”

Joy volunteers weekly at one of House of Friendship’s Neighbourhood Food Programs, where she also receives food support.

She found out about the program through a neighbour in her apartment building, who was also from Nigeria.

“Just seeing someone from my country, just talking to them, made me happy,” said Joy. “I asked her, ‘Please, I need assistance. Is there anywhere I can go?’

Joy received the help she needed, but soon decided to volunteer, both to give back her time and to help her with her ultimate goal of finding a job in Canada.

“It has been so difficult to find a job,” said Joy. “I needed somewhere to volunteer. I just want to be useful here, in the community.”

Currently, Joy is trying to make ends meet while living on Ontario Works, but it hasn’t been easy. She shares a two-bedroom apartment with a single mother; even so, her rent takes up most of the money she receives.

What little is left over has to be carefully set aside for anything extra, like clothing, which is why she is so grateful she can get food every week.

“I have to pay my bills, and it has been tough,” said Joy. “Without this food, how would I survive?”

Volunteering has also helped her get to know her neighbours, and find out about other available support. Joy regularly joins House of Friendship’s English Conversation Circle, even though she is quite fluent in English, simply to have people to talk to.

But most of all, Joy has enjoyed being part of the House of Friendship team, finding connection and community with both volunteers and staff.

“I feel like I have a family here,” said Joy. “Even though my family are not here, at least I have people around me here. They have been so good to me.”

Your support of our Food programs helps community members like Joy get the help they need. Thank you for your faithfulness and compassion!

The post Finding a Community appeared first on House Of Friendship.

CWHEN is a non profit organization that is committed to amplifying the voices of female patients, across Canada. We promote education on women’s health issues and fund neglected areas of women’s health research to help transform our current models of care.

• If you are passionate about women’s healthcare
• If you believe the current healthcare system needs to change, in regards to women, especially minority and low-income women
• If you want to help educate women across Canada about their own health and bodily autonomy
• If you want to collaborate with other healthcare professionals to breakdown myths about gender in healthcare, to improve women’s diagnostic rates and times, and help to shift healthcare away from a male-default model of care
• And you want to work with doctors across the country to change the current approach to healthcare

We are seeking motivated, skilled healthcare professionals to join our Board of Directors. As a board member, you will have the opportunity to build your network and community, while working on issues you feel passionate about. You’ll acquire governance skills and be able to work alongside other healthcare professionals, as we work to achieve our goals.

Board members are expected to:

• Attend quarterly board meetings
• Assist in program evaluation and development and to provide clinical expertise and guidance on the design, relevance and effectiveness of CWHEN’s healthcare education initiatives
• Provide strategic oversight and contribute to organizational planning and priorities
• Ensure financial stewardship, transparency, and risk management
• Uphold governance best practices, including compliance with applicable bylaws
• Support a culture of equity, inclusion, and accessibility in decision-making
• Support CWHEN’s outreach and engagement with healthcare professionals, researchers and community partners
• Help to promote the organization’s visibility and grow supporter base

• At least 5 years of experience as a healthcare professional in Canada
• Ideally bilingual in English and French; both written and spoken. English is essential
• Comfortable communicating ideas and willing to collaborate and work as a part of a team
• Able to analyze program viability and help to identify potential risks and benefits, based on evidence and experience.
• A dedication to actively participate in fulfilling the organization’s mission and to contribute to our ongoing growth and improvement.
• Experience delivering educational presentation or lectures is an asset

How to apply: Please email your CV and a cover letter to Naiomi Badri Email: naiomi.badri@cwhen.ca

The post The Clifton Women’s Healthcare Education Network CWHEN appeared first on Capacity Canada.

Have I got the name correct? Was it the O'Connor Commission which looked into the Walkerton mass bacteria poisoning with E. Coli back around 2000?  Among a number of key recommendations was the multi barrier approach to water protection.  The plan was to isolate and protect each and every step of water withdrawal, water treatment, water storage, water distribution from its' source to your kitchen sink. This is where the Region of Waterloo have failed horribly. They may claim to have the finest, most up to date water treatment available but that is merely one step in a multi step process. Hence a single breakdown whether mechanical, electrical or human failure at a treatment plant could be catastrophic. Now in Walkerton there were multiple failures mostly human albeit they affected the raw water entering the system as well as the treatment efforts further along as human beings actually fudged some of the treatment data and reports to make things look better on paper than they were.

Here in Waterloo Region we have serious issues with at least two of the four steps mentioned earlier. Water withdrawal from contaminated aquifers is far worse than problematic. Water distribution is also a problem as far too many water pipes still in the ground are made of lead and possibly even some asbestos pipe is still in existence. Some of these pipes astoundingly include ones going to our public and elementary schools. The third step overall namely treatment might be reasonably good but it fails to totally remove trichloroethylene (TCE), glyphosate (Round Up) and others from the treated water sent to our homes and businesses. The Middleton Wellfield in Cambridge even has greater treatment (Advanced Oxidation Process) than all the other groundwater sources but still can't eliminate it completely from the water supply. Similar issues but with less treatment occur at the William St. Wellfield in Waterloo as well as the Parkway Wellfield in Kitchener. 

There are also issues, mostly totally ignored, with synergy between toxic contaminants. It is what we don't know that can hurt us. If TCE is at 2 parts per billion (ppb) in our tap water and glyphosate is at 6 ppb plus a dash of lead from the pipes as well then what is the true health criteria? Nobody knows!! Science is wonderful but to date there have been no published drinking water standards for more than one contaminant at a time in our water.

Following is a partial list of known contaminants throughout Waterloo Region groundwater and drinking water wells:  NDMA, chlorobenzene, ammonia, TCE, nitrates, glyphosate, xylenes, toluene, benzene, sodium, chlorides and more. Most groundwater has multiple contaminants. Surface water drinking sources (Grand River) have more bacteria, viruses and pathogens such as coliforms, E.Coli, cryptosporidium and many others.

There are expensive fixes such as reverse osmosis systems and ultraviolet light systems that can be put in homes and or much less expensive and maybe much less efficient systems including Brita filters (activated carbon filters). Regardless demanding safer and cleaner drinking water from our elected representatives is the first step. It may even be necessary to delay other hobby priorities of our politicians if we as citizens believe that drinking water for ourselves and families is a bigger priority. 

♦

The name of the French/Acadian restaurant in Moncton is catchy, multi-layered and allusive: roughly translated as the “mists of the elbow” as might be found at the bend of a river, especially in Canada’s at times foggy, misty east coast.

But, according to staff, the phrase is cheeky and playful because it might also evoke the back-and-forth elbow-action as one shakes a sauté pan flipping and tossing hot food and in doing so flipping and tossing up some steam, liquid and perhaps a short burst of flame.

All of that helps capture, linguistically, the casual essence of number 91 on Canada’s 100 Best restaurants.

The small menu is nicely packed with big flavour and fine technical execution — several apps and three mains — that comes out of the open, rustic kitchen situated, interestingly, in the visual and multimedia hub “Centre culturel d’Aberdeen.” The venue is a lovely 1898 structure that was once a secondary school — and alma mater to Northrop Frye, one of Canada’s preeminent and iconic literary critics. Given the various meanings layered into the restaurant’s name, that seems a quite suitable coincidence.

Alongside the open kitchen, the background of which is century’ old brick-and-mortar and weathered and rough boards, is a 40-seat open dining room serving bistro dishes and Canadian/Acadian-inspired fare, details of which come via a blackboard.

A well-designed patio overlooking Botsford Street is perfect for outdoor dining on a warm summer night — and is, temperature-wise, cooler than inside. There, waitstaff shuffle a placard-sized blackboard with beverage selections to your table-side. An interesting quirk.

Competent and friendly, staff transition easily between French and English and can explain succinctly both the wines and cocktails as well as the food served with them.

Four snacks for sharing lead off the menu (the ciabatta was mediocre; the burrata very good) followed by five appetizers and a trio of mains that include a tenderloin tartare with beef-fat fries.

Medium-rare bavette is perched on a raft of asparagus and zucchini spears, the latter of which have taken very nicely to a few moments’ charring on the grill, accompanied by a duo of delicate green peppercorn and celeriac sauces.

Tender fletan cheeks are confited in olive oil and nestled prettily on a “summer succotash” with some zucc, cannellini beans and a rich roasted-corn velouté. The halibut is delicately sweet, slightly briny and buttery in texture. It’s a gorgeously colourful, picturesque dish with perhaps the palette of a Monet.

Desserts — we gobbled four of them — are alternately sweet, lemony and tart with summer fruits and are possessed of ample texture contrasts. All were beautiful to look at and appreciate at meal’s end as well.

Attentive service was paced properly throughout the evening allowing for a leisurely but engaged experience with staff promptly responding to a request or question.

It struck me that many of the guests had been to Les brumes du coude previously, and I happened to have noticed a few patrons earlier in the evening as they walked to the restaurant: it would seem that the venue is part of the fabric of the neighbourhood and that of the local food-lovers community in Moncton.

This success might also be the reason that ownership has more recently opened a sister restaurant — Sève bar-apéro — a few minutes away in Dieppe.

Check out my latest post Les brumes du coude Moncton from AndrewCoppolino.com.

The post Bouldering 101-WATERLOO appeared first on Grand River Rocks Climbing Gym.

Located in Waterloo’s sought-after Carriage Crossing neighbourhood, 201-245 Grey Silo Road offers spacious, well-finished condo living in a quiet, newer building close to recreation, trails and everyday amenities.

Set within Trailside at Grey Silo Gate, this immaculately maintained 2-bedroom, 2-bathroom suite offers approximately 1,363 square feet of finished living space, a bright open-concept layout, private balcony, underground parking and access to an impressive rooftop terrace.

For buyers searching for condos for sale in Waterloo, this property offers the space and functionality of a larger home with the convenience of condo living.

The main living space is one of the standout features of this suite.

Large windows and sliding glass doors bring in plenty of natural light, while hardwood flooring runs throughout the open-concept kitchen, dining and living areas. The generous layout provides defined spaces for dining and relaxing without compromising the flow of the room.

The living room offers enough space for substantial furniture and opens directly to the private balcony through large sliding glass doors, creating an easy extension of the indoor living area.

The balcony provides additional outdoor space while maintaining the privacy and convenience of condo living.

The kitchen is designed with both function and everyday use in mind.

Extensive cabinetry provides excellent storage, while granite countertops and a tiled backsplash give the space a polished finish. Premium stainless steel appliances are complemented by under-cabinet lighting and a reverse osmosis drinking water system.

A large centre island offers additional prep space along with seating for three, making it equally practical for casual meals, entertaining or additional workspace.

The kitchen remains fully connected to the dining and living areas, creating an open layout that feels spacious without sacrificing storage or functionality.

The primary bedroom offers generous proportions and a well-designed layout. A tray ceiling adds architectural detail, while the walk-in closet provides ample storage. The private 4-piece ensuite features a large tiled glass shower with a built-in bench, creating a comfortable and well-finished primary suite.

The second bedroom is also generously sized and positioned near the second 4-piece bathroom.

The layout works well for a traditional second bedroom, guest room or dedicated home office, offering flexibility for a range of buyers.

With two full bathrooms, the suite is particularly well suited to those who regularly host guests or want additional separation between bedroom spaces.

Additional interior features add to the functionality and overall quality of the suite, including:

• Hunter Douglas window coverings
• In-suite laundry
• Pot lighting and updated fixtures
• Excellent in-unit storage
• Hardwood flooring throughout the main living areas
• Premium stainless steel appliances
• Private balcony access from the living room

The suite also includes one underground parking space and an exceptionally large storage locker located directly behind it, providing convenient additional storage rarely found in condo living.

Residents have access to an impressive rooftop terrace with a pergola-covered lounge, multiple seating and dining areas, BBQs, a fire table, landscaped planters and expansive views.

The building itself is only four storeys, offering a quieter residential setting while still providing the amenities and conveniences associated with newer condo developments.

Carriage Crossing offers a newer residential setting in northeast Waterloo with convenient access to recreation, trails, dining and everyday services.
Carriage Crossing Plaza is just steps away and includes Levetto restaurant, a pharmacy, animal hospital, dental office and additional neighbourhood amenities.

Nearby, residents have easy access to RIM Park, Grey Silo Golf Club and the Walter Bean Grand River Trail, making this location especially well suited to buyers who value proximity to outdoor recreation.

The property is also only minutes from:

• St. Jacobs Farmers’ Market
• Conestoga Mall
• University of Waterloo
• Wilfrid Laurier University
• Major commuter routes
• Shopping and dining throughout north Waterloo

With approximately 1,363 square feet of finished living space, generous principal rooms, a well-appointed kitchen, two spacious bedrooms, two full bathrooms, a private balcony and excellent storage, 201-245 Grey Silo Road offers a strong combination of space, finish and location.

For buyers considering condos for sale in Waterloo, this suite provides a well-maintained, move-in-ready option in one of northeast Waterloo’s most desirable residential communities.

For more information about 201-245 Grey Silo Road or to arrange a private showing, contact The Deutschmann Team.

The post Elevated Condo Living at Trailside at Grey Silo Gate | 201-245 Grey Silo Road, Waterloo appeared first on Kitchener Waterloo Real Estate Agent - The Deutschmann Team.

O.K. I will admit that my political biases don't exactly match my hopes for either a regional house cleaning at the polls or a provincially initiated housecleaning by removing the regional Chair and replacing her with a better provincial appointee. Now I have made my concerns with our current regional councillors abundantly clear even as recently as my Blog post of yesterday. A third issue I have is with our Police Services Board as well as with our regional police. My issues aren't in regards to individual police officers, they are in regards to the decision makers at the top. This includes being far too influenced by other organizational idiots such as at the school board (WRDSB) as well as how they (mis)handled the serious concerns and lawsuits of their female officers. I suppose this also includes the appropriate focus on drunk driving and the total ignoring and failure to enforce all other driving safety issues except speeding. Speeding and drinking & driving laws are enforced whereas distracted driving is not nor are mandatory turn signals, driving in the right lane on the Xpressway unless passing, tailgating and believe it or not driving well below the speed limit under ideal driving conditions. Is there some kind of insurance bonus given to pick up truck drivers who appear to be intentionally delaying all traffic behind them just because they can?

So yes I'd love to see the province swoop in and kick political butt here in Waterloo Region. The one itsy bitsy problem I have is an almost total lack of faith in your hero and mine, Doug Ford. I am not a Conservative and even if I was I think he would trouble me. Yes Mr. Ford has properly given Donald Trump  the stink eye as well as banned U.S. alcohol sales in our LCBO. Other than that he has given too many concessions to developers and too few to environmentalists. There is my conundrum. Sure come in Mr. Ford and clean house here because unfortunately our voting public aren't paying enough attention and simply vote for the pretty face who talks nicely and tells all the right lies. Sometimes though inviting a predator in to solve one problem only leads to other, maybe worse problems.  

♦

Visit Nostra Cucina for their ordering procedures …

Nostra Cucina
31 Manitou Drive
Kitchener, ON N2C 1K9
(519) 748-0504
nostracucina.com

[Previously published]
A good veal parm is always what you need: it’s been widely reported and is factually true.

Okay, that’s fake news, but Nostra Cucina’s magnificent veal sandwich is legit and one you do need to have. And regularly.

If I’m near the take-away restaurant, I pop in and buy one — even if I’m not hungry, or I just had lunch. They are just too good to miss.

It’s a world-class sandwich and one that has won best veal sandwich in the province. That’s right: the province. And that includes sandwiches in Little Italy of Vaughan and Woodbridge repute.

Sian Burns and Dina Marsillo own and operate Nostra Cucina on Manitou Drive between Webster Road and Cress Lane.

At the time or writing, the menu features 15 or so hot or cold sandwiches (including the lovely New Orleans Muffuletta), pasta and pizza. But they excel at the veal, and they have done a lot of them over the years.

“I did some quick math,” Burns says calculating a prodigious parm production. “I think we’re at nearly 150,000 sandwiches in the 14 years that we’ve been here.”

Each one has been remarkable but none more so than the one that brought home veal sandwich gold a couple of years ago for Ontario’s Best Veal Sandwich, a competition sponsored by the Veal Farmers of Ontario and held at Toronto’s St. Lawrence Market.

Don’t worry: it wasn’t a one-off sandwich. The sandwich that won the competition is the sandwich you’ll get at Nostra Cucina. It’s composed of several thin slices of veal breaded and shallow-fried and piled nice and high.

“You can bite right through because it’s so thin and tender. Then there’s roasted peppers, sautéed mushrooms, red onions, our tomato sauce and Provolone cheese. Or any way you want it,” says Marsillo while she cooks one.

You can get the hot loaded version, or the sweet loaded version, depending on which peppers you choose. The breading is light (and lightly seasoned), so the individual flavours come through. The bun is thick—it needs to be to hold the heavy-with-goodness sandwich ingredients—but not heavy.

“We’ve nicknamed it ‘The Love,’ and it’s the reason Nostra Cucina exists. We didn’t open a restaurant and ask ourselves what we should sell. I ate the sandwich and said we need to open a shop and sell this,” Burns says.

“And it’s made with love which I think is the most important part,” she says. “Each veal sandwich is made like we’re going to eat it.”

Check out my latest post Nostra Cucina = Veal Parm from AndrewCoppolino.com.

If you’re searching for homes for sale in Wellesley, 20 David Street offers something especially rare: waterfront living right in the heart of town.

Overlooking Wellesley Pond, this beautifully updated 3-bedroom + den, 3-bathroom home combines approximately 2,133 square feet of finished living space with a peaceful, cottage-inspired setting. Professionally and extensively renovated in 2021, the home offers modern finishes, generous living spaces and direct access to the water, all within walking distance of everyday amenities.

One of the defining features of 20 David Street is its connection to the outdoors.

The main living areas are positioned to take advantage of the pond views, while glass sliding doors open directly onto an oversized back deck. Glass railings preserve the sightlines toward the water, and a pergola creates a comfortable setting for outdoor dining, entertaining or simply enjoying the quiet surroundings.

Beyond the deck, the landscaped backyard features mature trees, added privacy and walk-down access to a private dock on Wellesley Pond.
It creates the feeling of a cottage retreat without giving up the convenience of living in town.

Inside, the main floor features a bright, open layout connecting the family room, dining area and kitchen.

The family room includes an electric fireplace, while the updated kitchen offers quartz countertops, stainless steel appliances, a tile backsplash, under-cabinet lighting and breakfast bar seating for four.

Additional main-floor features include:

• Main-floor laundry
• Updated 2-piece bathroom
• Custom window coverings
• Designer lighting
• Pot lights throughout
• Direct access to the backyard and waterfront deck

The result is a comfortable, polished space designed equally well for everyday living and entertaining.

Upstairs, the primary bedroom is positioned within its own private wing.

The suite features dual walk-in closets and an updated 3-piece ensuite with a tiled glass shower. It also connects directly to a separate den or office, creating flexible space for working from home, a nursery, reading room or private sitting area.

Two additional spacious bedrooms and an updated 4-piece main bathroom complete the upper level.

Waterfront properties within established communities can be difficult to find, particularly when they combine an updated interior with a central location.
Approximately $30,000 in additional recent improvements have further enhanced the landscaping, privacy, curb appeal and move-in-ready condition of 20 David Street.

For buyers exploring homes for sale in Wellesley, this property offers a combination that stands apart: an extensively renovated home, approximately 2,133 square feet of finished living space and a private waterfront setting overlooking Wellesley Pond.

20 David Street offers the peaceful setting Wellesley is known for while keeping everyday conveniences close to home.

Buyers can enjoy a walkable village setting with local shops, recreation and community amenities nearby, while remaining within an easy drive of Waterloo, Kitchener and Stratford. Wellesley is approximately a 20-minute drive from Kitchener-Waterloo, while Stratford is roughly 25 minutes away.

Nearby highlights include:

• Wellesley Pond / Albert Erb Conservation Area directly behind the property
• Pym’s Village Market for local groceries and everyday essentials
• Bill Gies Recreation Centre, Wellesley’s modern recreation and community hub
• Wellesley parks, playgrounds, splash pad and dog park
• Local shops, restaurants and community events throughout Wellesley Village

Bill Gies Recreation Centre

Wellesley Pond

20 David Street offers the opportunity to enjoy the slower pace and character of Wellesley with a waterfront setting that feels removed from everyday life.

From mornings overlooking the pond to summer evenings on the deck and direct access to the water from your own backyard, this is a home designed around its setting.

Interested in learning more about 20 David Street or booking a private showing? Contact The Deutschmann Team to explore this one-of-a-kind Wellesley property.

The post Rare Waterfront Home in Wellesley | 20 David Street appeared first on Kitchener Waterloo Real Estate Agent - The Deutschmann Team.